Open Access
Review
Table VII
Laboratory studies on pesticide leaching (% of applied dose) under different tillage practices.
| Pesticide | Dose | Tillage1 | Depth | Soil properties | Rainfall intensity |
Leaching | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Clay | Organic carbon | pH | |||||||
| kg a.i. ha−1 | cm | g kg−1 | mm h−1 | % applied dose | |||||
| Alachlor | 2.2 | NT (16)2 CT |
0-30 | - - |
- - |
- - |
50 | 1.6 0.4 |
(Weed et al., 1998) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Alachlor | 3.3 | NT (8) CT |
0-10 | - - |
- - |
- - |
50 | 29.7 14.4 |
(Clay et al., 1991) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Atrazine | 2.8 | NT CT NT CT |
0-18 | 170 | 10.2-15.33
11.8-12.6 10.2-15.3 11.8-12.6 |
6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 |
- - - - |
14.7 19.3 12.9 20.4 |
(Levanon et al., 1993) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Atrazine | 1.3 | NT CT NT CT NT CT NT CT |
0-10 | - - - - - - - - |
NT: 7.5 - 24.4 CT: 7.0 |
- - - - - - - - |
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 |
58.4 42.7 47.2 33.2 31.6 29.4 26.7 20.1 |
(Sigua et al., 1995) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Atrazine | 1.3 | NT NT NT NT CT CT CT CT |
0-10 | - - - - - - - - |
NT: 24.4 – 7.5 CT: 7.0 |
- - - - - - - - |
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 |
50.7 35.7 34.9 35.9 40.3 40.1 38.2 37.0 |
(Sigua et al., 1995) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Carbofuran | 1.9 | NT CT NT CT |
0-18 | 170 | 10.2-15.3 11.8-12.6 10.2-15.3 11.8-12.6 |
6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 |
- - - - |
4.5 18.7 4.2 7.7 |
(Levanon et al., 1993) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Diazinon | 2.5 | NT CT NT CT |
0-18 | 170 | 10.2-15.3 11.8-12.6 10.2-15.3 11.8-12.6 |
6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 |
- - - - |
0.25 0.35 0.0 0.0 |
(Levanon et al., 1993) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Metamitron | 4 | NT (20) CT |
0-30/40 | 112-210 151-217 |
9.0-18.0 9.0-1.0 |
0.16, 0.38, 0.46 | 0.03, 3.0, 10.1 0.3, 5.0, 12.2 |
(Düring and Hummel, 1999) |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Metolachlor | 2.25 | NT CT NT CT |
0-18 | 170 | 10.2-15.3 11.8-12.6 10.2-15.3 11.8-12.6 |
6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 6.4-5.9 6.4-6.7 |
- - - - |
8.2 10.2 6.5 9.3 |
(Levanon et al., 1993) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Metolachlor | 10 | NT (20) CT |
0-30/40 | 112-210 151-217 |
9.0-18.0 9.0-1.0 |
- - |
0.25, 0.42 | 1.8, 5.7 3.6, 12.4 |
(Düring and Hummel, 1999) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Metolachlor | 20 | NT CT |
0-15 | 280 | 19.0 | 7.3 | saturation | 38 27 |
(Singh N. et al., 2002) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Terbuthylazine | 5 | NT (20) CT |
0-30/40 | 112-210 151-217 |
9.0-18.0 9.0-1.0 |
- - |
0.25, 0.42 | 3.5, 9.7 5.2, 12.2 |
(Düring and Hummel, 1999) |
|
|
|||||||||
| Terbuthylazine | 10 | NT CT |
0-15 | 280 | 19.0 | 7.3 | saturation | 11 6 |
(Singh N. et al.. 2002) |
1
Codes of tillage practices are reported in Table I.