Tillage management effects on pesticide fate in soils. A review | Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Agronomy

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Review

Table VI

Field studies of pesticide leaching (% of applied dose) under different tillage practices.

Pesticide	Dose	Tillage¹	Depth	Water sampling system		Soilproperties		Leaching	Reference

					Clay	Organic carbon	pH
	kg a.i. ha⁻¹		cm		g kg⁻¹			% applied dose
Alachlor	2.2	NT RT MT_Ch CT	0-120	- - - -	- - - -	17.3-21.4 17.6-20.8 18.6-21.3 19.7-20.4	5.7-7.0 5.9-6.7 5.7-6.8 6.3-6.6	0.0002-0.10²	(Weed et al., 1995)

Atrazine Desethylatrazine	2.2, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9³	NT CT NT CT	0-100	D⁴	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -	0.09, 0.08, 0.15, 0.05³ 0.04, 0.02, 0.12, 0.02 0.10, 0.06, 0.19, 0.09 0.07, 0.03, 0.15, 0.04	(Masse et al., 1996)

Atrazine	2.8	NT RT MT_Ch CT	0-120	- - - -	- - - -	17.3-21.4 17.6-20.8 18.6-21.3 19.7-20.4	5.7-7.0 5.9-6.7 5.7-6.8 6.3-6.6	0.02-0.35	(Weed et al., 1995)

Atrazine	1.3	MT_Ch CT	- -	- -	120-300 120-300	15.4-24.2 15.7-23.5	5.4-4.9 5.3-5.8	0.07-0.11, 0.08-0.22 0.03-0.07, 0.11-0.12	(Fortin et al., 2002)

Atrazine	1.7	NT CT	0-120	L⁴	324-421	2.0-12.0	5.5-6.7	0.15-0.86, 0.21-9.60 < 0.01 − 0.19,0.75 − 0.85	(Hall et al., 1989)

Atrazine, Cyanazine Simazine	1.7, 2.2, 1.7	MT mulch CT	0-120	L	- -	- -	- -	3.0-5.1 0.69-0.93	(Watts and Hall, 1996)

Cyanazine	2.2	NT CT	0-120	L	324-421	2.0-12.0	5.5-6.7	0.03-0.23, < 0.10-4.73 < 0.01 − 0.15,0.32 − 0.56	(Hall et al., 1989)

Dicamba	0.56	NT CT	- -	- -	- -	2.0-12.0	5.5-6.7	1.99, 0.39, 5.56, 1.05, 2.45 < 0.01,0.20,0.20,0.0,0.58	(Hall and Mumma, 1994)

Fluometuron	1.6	NT CT	0-90	L	130	1.3-17.7 1.1-10.2	5.61 5.85	29.9-37.4, 37.9-50.8,0-10.3, 0.8-54.7 11.9-69.3, 30.0-79.5, 6.1-28.7, 3.4-73.3	(Essington et al., 1995)

Glyphosate AMPA Glyphosate AMPA	0.8	NT (20)⁵ NT CT CT	0-110	L	134-227 83-268	1.1-19.2 0.5-11.3	5.9-7.6 6.4-8.7	0.022 0.018 0.0305 0.0205	(Fomsgaard et al., 2003)

Metolachlor	2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.4	NT CT	0-100	D	- -	- -	- -	0.00, 0.02, 0.02, 0.04 0.00, 0.00, 0.02, 0.01	(Masse et al., 1996)

Metolachlor	2.2	MT mulch CT	0-120	L	- -	- -	- -	2.46 0.37	(Watts and Hall, 1996)

Metolachlor	2.5	MT_Ch CT		- -	120-300 120-300	15.4-24.2 15.7-23.5	5.4-4.9 5.3-5.8	0.02-0.04, 0.06-0.12 0.01-0.03, 0.07-0.10	(Fortin et al., 2002)

Metolachlor	4.48	NT (10) CT	0-97	L	60-290	3.0-6.4	4.4-6.1	1.4, 6.7 0.7, 4.4	(Weber et al., 2006)

Metolachlor	2.2	NT CT	0-120	L	324-421	2.0-12.0	5.5-6.7	0.01-0.47, < 0.10-4.19 < 0.01 − 0.10,0.25 − 0.61	(Hall et al., 1989)

Metribuzine	0.45	NT RT MT_Ch CT	0-120	- - - -	- - - -	17.3-21.4 17.6-20.8 18.6-21.3 19.7-20.4	5.7-7.0 5.9-6.7 5.7-6.8 6.3-6.6	0.14-0.87	(Weed et al., 1995)

Simazine	1.7	NT CT	0-120	L	324-421	2.0-12.0	5.5-6.7	0.06-1.76, 0.18-8.36 0.01-0.18, 1.50-1.63	(Hall et al., 1989)

Codes of tillage practices are reported in Table I.

Hyphens are used to indicate the range of variation of values.

Commas are used to separate different years of study.

⁴

D: water sampling in drains; L: water sampling in lysimeters.

⁵

Numbers in parenthesis indicate the age in years of the tillage system.